alternating at extremely low frequency, NAMRL 1180, Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory,
Pensacola, Florida, 1973.)
Fig. 4.8. Arrangement for application of electromagnetic radiation.
A typical laboratory arrangement for the application of electromagnetic radiation to test subjects
is shown in figure 4.8. The power density can be measured in the wave-guide or in the space near the
subject. An exposure system used for the exposure of chick embryos is shown in figure 4.9 (70).
Fig. 4.9. System for the exposure of eggs to electromagnetic plane waves. (Reproduced, by permission,
from D. L McRee et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 247, p. 377.)
Although there are many studies dealing with the penetration of electromagnetic radiation into a
plethora of mathematical, metallic, and saline models of living systems, little more is known about
penetration into actual tissue than was known in 1888 when radiation was discovered by Hertz.
Summary
The present evidence suggests that, in addition to its unique properties, tissue exhibits
essentially all the solid-state properties of ordinary materials. Since the techniques needed to study
impure, inhomogeneous, and wet materials are largely developed, it is not surprising that metals or
plastics are much more studied than brain or lung tissue. Despite this, the door has been opened enough
to reveal the existence of solid-state properties of tissue that may explain the reaction of living
organisms to electromagnetic fields (EMFs1), and may even provide the physical basis of the
phenomena that are unique to living organisms.
Although present knowledge of the properties of the tissue is not sufficient to permit the
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